Dr. Naila CH

  Ectopic pregnancy Definition: An ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as the implantation of a pregnancy outside the normal uterine cavity. Over 98% implant in the Fallopian tube.  Rarely, ectopic pregnancies can implant in the interstitium of the tube, ovary, cervix, abdominal cavity or in caesarean section scars. A heterotopic pregnancy is the simultaneous development of two pregnancies: one within and one outside the uterine cavity. Incidence and aetiology: One in 80 pregnancies are ectopic. They account for 9–13% of maternal deaths in the Western world and 10–30% in low resource countries. The incidence of a heterotopic pregnancy in the general population is low (1:25,000–30,000), but significantly higher after in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment (1%) due to the transfer of two blastocysts.   Aetiological factors for ectopic pregnancy: • Fallopian tube damage due to pelvic infection (e.g. Chlamydia/Gonorrhoea), previous ectopic pregnancy and previous tubal surgery.

  Vertical Transmission infections “vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses) that use mother-to-child transmission.”   Types of infections: Several vertically transmitted infections are included in the “ TORCH complex” T – toxoplasmosis from Toxoplasma gondii O – other infections (see below) R – rubella C – cytomegalovirus H – herpes simplex virus-2 or neonatal herpes simplex   Vertical transmission of pathogens: Babies born of pregnant women who are infected with a particular virus are at risk of contracting that virus from the parent. Transmission is more likely when the baby is in direct contact with the mother’s fluids, such as during breastfeeding and also in utero if there are breaks in the placental barrier, although most vertical transmissions occur during delivery. Multiple types of virus can be passed from mother to child via vertical transmission, including those known as “TORCH” pathogens

  Dysmenorrhoea Dysmenorrhoea is defined ‘as painful menstruation. It is experienced by 45–95% of women of reproductive age’.   Types of dysmenorrhoea: 1.Primary dysmenorrhoea : describes painful periods since onset of menarche and is unlikely to be associated with pathology. There is some evidence to support the assertion that primary dysmenorrhoea improves after childbirth, and it also appears to decline with increasing age. 2.Secondary dysmenorrhoea: describes painful periods that have developed over time and usually have a secondary cause.   Aetiology of secondary dysmenorrhoea Aetiology includes: • Endometriosis and adenomyosis • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Cervical stenosis and haematometra (rarely). History and examination: Patients will have different ideas as to what constitutes a painful period. For some patients reassurance that the pain may be normal for her will help. For others the ability to alter the menstrual cycle to avoid having a period d

  Marburg virus “Marburg virus including origins of the virus past outbreaks transmission sign and symptoms   and critical complications that can lead to death from this infection .”   Etiology of Murburg virus?   So the Marburg virus is a virus of the family filoviridae so if we were to break down the word filoviridae the prefix stands for thread-like appearance and that really denotes the thread-like appearance of   the virus itself. it is the same family of viruses as the Ebola virus and it is a negative sense single stranded RNA   virus again very key terms here negative sense its single stranded and its an RNA   virus there are actually 2 variants of the marburg   virus one of them is known as lake Victoria Marburg virus in the second one is Ravin Marburg virus. however both of them have similar clinical presentations so we just discuss them as if they are the same virus now the virus was 1st identified in an It's outbreak that occurred 1967 in Germany in Yugoslavia

  FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY It refers two or more individuals who depend on one another for emotional, physical and financial support.   Family Planning “Family planning to regulate the number and spacing of children in a family through the practice of contraception or other methods of birth control”.   FAMILY PLANNING METHODS   • DEFINITION:-                      ‘A way of thinking and living that    is adopted voluntarily upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by Individuals   and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country’.   PURPOSES • Raising a child requires significant amounts of resources: time, social , financial and environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available. • To improve the health of the mother and child. • Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS.     CRITERIA FOR IDEAL CONTRACEPTIVE!   ·         It